Post by Eaglehawk on Jul 4, 2019 10:34:25 GMT
Spotted Owl - Strix occidentalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Strigiformes
Family: Strigidae
Genus: Strix
Species: Strix occidentalis
The Spotted Owl was reported in 1860 by an Hungarian immigrant John Xántus de Vesey. The Latin word "occidentalis" refers to something from the west. Other names include Canyon Owl, Brown-eyed Owl, Wood Owl, and Hoot Owl.
Description
The Spotted Owl is a nocturnal, woodland owl and is darkly coloured, with a round head , and dark brown eyes. Their brown plumage is heavily spotted with white on the breast and belly, with less spots on the wings, back, and head. The pale brown facial disks are concentrically ringed with dark brown. The eyebrows, lores, and bill are greyish. Its plumage is soft and fluffy, which can make the head appear oversized. Spotted Owls are placid owls, allowing close approach by humans and may be reluctant to fly. In flight, they have heavy methodical wing beats, but appear buoyant for their size. When roosting, a Spotted Owl will sit on a branch, near the trunk, where it is camouflaged against tree bark and shadows.
Size
Length: average 48cm (19") for females, 46cm (18") for males.
Wingspan: average 109cm (43") for females, 106cm (42") for males.
Weight: 518-760g (1-1.75 lbs)
Subspecies
1. Californian Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis)
Distribution: Nevada, Central and South California.
2. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina)
Description: Darker than nominate race.
Size: Wing length 31.5-32.5 cm, Tail length 19-21.3 cm.
Distribution: British Columbia to North California.
3. Mexican Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis lucida)
Some suggest this may be a seperate species: Mountain Forest Owl - Strix lucida.
Description: Lighter than nominiate race, and more profusely spotted white.
Distribution: Arizona, New Mexico, South-west Texas to Central Mexico.
4. 'Spotted Owl' (Strix occidentalis juanaphillipsae)
No common name.
Distribution
North America - Resident in the mountains and in the humid coastal forest from southwestern mainland British Columbia south through western Washington and western Oregon to southern California; and in the Rocky Mountain region of the interior from southern Utah and southwestern and south-central Colorado south through the mountains of Arizona, New Mexico, and extreme northwestern Texas. The Spotted Owl is generally nonmigratory, except that some downslope movement from mountains may occur in winter.
Habitat
The Spotted Owl is a bird of dense, dark, old-growth or mixed mature and old-growth coniferous forests. Forests are usually dominated by firs or Douglas-fir, but they also use mature hardwood forests of cottonwoods, alders, oak, and sycamore, especially along steep-walled river valleys. They prefer an uneven and multilayered canopy. They prefer shaded mountain slopes and canyons over flat plateau areas.
Habits
A nocturnal and rather "tame" bird. Roosts in deep shade during the day.
Voice
The typical advertisement call is a mellow, 4-note hoot, "Whoop wu-hu hoo". Both Males and Females use it as a territorial call and mate-locating call. During territorial disputes, they give a more excited version of the call. Other calls are the "series location call", a series of 7 to 15 hoots, given during disputes and/or calls between paired birds. A "bark series" of 3 to 7 loud, rapid barks, usually given by the female during territorial squabbles, and then there is the "nest call" given during the pre-nesting period. Other sounds given when alarmed include grunts, groans, and chatters. The female often emits a loud "co-weeep" to contact her mate.
Hunting & Food
Hunting is done mainly at night, usually beginning just after sunset and ending a half hour before sunrise. Spotted Owls us a perch to "sit and wait" to dive down onto prey. They rarely forage in flight. Prey is sometimes cached for later use. Prey taken to the nest by the male is often decapitated first. During the day, a Spotted Owl may take the odd prey that passes by its day roost, fly to a food cache, or fly to a nearby stream to drink. Spotted Owls feed mainly on flying squirrels and wood rats. These prey are necessary for successful breeding. Other major prey include gophers, rabbits and hares. Summer diets are more varied with deer mice and voles being important foods. Spotted Owls are known to capture 30 mammal species including bats, and 23 bird species as prey. They also eat snakes, crickets, beetles, and moths. They have been known to walk around campgrounds at night to pick up scraps of food.
Pellets are large and compact measuring about 5.1 to 7.6 centimetres (2 to 3 inches) in length. Pellets contain numerous bones, skulls, and teeth, and are held together by fur and mucus.
Breeding
The breeding season is from March to September. Timing and success in producing offspring are strongly linked to the availability of prey, and not all pairs breed every year. Spotted owl pairs mate for life, but a new mate is readily taken if the other disappears. They probably begin breeding at two to three years of age.
Spotted Owls nest primarily in stick nests of Northern Goshawks, on clumps of mistletoe, in large tree cavities, on broken tops of large trees, on large branches, or cavities in banks and rock faces. Old nests are not repaired before eggs are laid, and tend to be reused year after year. Clutch size ranges from 2 to 4 eggs, but averages 2 to 3 eggs. Eggs are laid every 3 to 4 days, usually in April. The female does all incubation and the male delivers food to the nest. The incubation period is about 28 to 32 days. Unlike most other owls, Spotted Owls may not defend their eggs and young from predators, watching nearby as the nest is destroyed. Young are brooded constantly by the female for 2 weeks, then she begins to hunt as well. The male brings food to the nest and passes it to the female to feed to the young. Young start roaming from the nest onto nearby branches at about 5 weeks, but some flutter to the ground before climbing up into trees. They can fly weakly at about 6 weeks. At 9 to 10 weeks young can capture insect prey by themselves. Families remain loosely associated during summer before young disperse in the autumn. Adults tend to remain near their traditional nesting territories, while juveniles disperse widely, as much as 100 to 200 kilometres (60 to 125 miles).
Mortality
Spotted Owls are long-lived, with captive Owls of 21 years being known.
Mortality in the wild is thought to be very high (60 to 95%) for juveniles, especially during the dispersal stage. Adult mortality is estimated at 5 to 20% annually. Natural predators of the Spotted Owl include the Great Horned Owl, which preys on both adults and young; the red-tailed hawk, which preys on young; and the common raven, which may destroy eggs. Many juveniles starve to death.
It is thought that Barred Owls will out-compete Spotted Owls for habitat, by being more aggressive, when the two species come into contact.
The Spotted Owl may be the most publicised of all endangered species in North America. Because of its dependence on large tracts of old-growth coniferous forests, management for this owl has caused tremendous turmoil in the forest harvesting industry, and has spawned an incredible amount of research - too much to go into here.
Status
Uncertain. Locally threatened by forest destruction, and by hybridisation with the Barred Owl Strix varia.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Strigiformes
Family: Strigidae
Genus: Strix
Species: Strix occidentalis
The Spotted Owl was reported in 1860 by an Hungarian immigrant John Xántus de Vesey. The Latin word "occidentalis" refers to something from the west. Other names include Canyon Owl, Brown-eyed Owl, Wood Owl, and Hoot Owl.
Description
The Spotted Owl is a nocturnal, woodland owl and is darkly coloured, with a round head , and dark brown eyes. Their brown plumage is heavily spotted with white on the breast and belly, with less spots on the wings, back, and head. The pale brown facial disks are concentrically ringed with dark brown. The eyebrows, lores, and bill are greyish. Its plumage is soft and fluffy, which can make the head appear oversized. Spotted Owls are placid owls, allowing close approach by humans and may be reluctant to fly. In flight, they have heavy methodical wing beats, but appear buoyant for their size. When roosting, a Spotted Owl will sit on a branch, near the trunk, where it is camouflaged against tree bark and shadows.
Size
Length: average 48cm (19") for females, 46cm (18") for males.
Wingspan: average 109cm (43") for females, 106cm (42") for males.
Weight: 518-760g (1-1.75 lbs)
Subspecies
1. Californian Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis)
Distribution: Nevada, Central and South California.
2. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina)
Description: Darker than nominate race.
Size: Wing length 31.5-32.5 cm, Tail length 19-21.3 cm.
Distribution: British Columbia to North California.
3. Mexican Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis lucida)
Some suggest this may be a seperate species: Mountain Forest Owl - Strix lucida.
Description: Lighter than nominiate race, and more profusely spotted white.
Distribution: Arizona, New Mexico, South-west Texas to Central Mexico.
4. 'Spotted Owl' (Strix occidentalis juanaphillipsae)
No common name.
Distribution
North America - Resident in the mountains and in the humid coastal forest from southwestern mainland British Columbia south through western Washington and western Oregon to southern California; and in the Rocky Mountain region of the interior from southern Utah and southwestern and south-central Colorado south through the mountains of Arizona, New Mexico, and extreme northwestern Texas. The Spotted Owl is generally nonmigratory, except that some downslope movement from mountains may occur in winter.
Habitat
The Spotted Owl is a bird of dense, dark, old-growth or mixed mature and old-growth coniferous forests. Forests are usually dominated by firs or Douglas-fir, but they also use mature hardwood forests of cottonwoods, alders, oak, and sycamore, especially along steep-walled river valleys. They prefer an uneven and multilayered canopy. They prefer shaded mountain slopes and canyons over flat plateau areas.
Habits
A nocturnal and rather "tame" bird. Roosts in deep shade during the day.
Voice
The typical advertisement call is a mellow, 4-note hoot, "Whoop wu-hu hoo". Both Males and Females use it as a territorial call and mate-locating call. During territorial disputes, they give a more excited version of the call. Other calls are the "series location call", a series of 7 to 15 hoots, given during disputes and/or calls between paired birds. A "bark series" of 3 to 7 loud, rapid barks, usually given by the female during territorial squabbles, and then there is the "nest call" given during the pre-nesting period. Other sounds given when alarmed include grunts, groans, and chatters. The female often emits a loud "co-weeep" to contact her mate.
Hunting & Food
Hunting is done mainly at night, usually beginning just after sunset and ending a half hour before sunrise. Spotted Owls us a perch to "sit and wait" to dive down onto prey. They rarely forage in flight. Prey is sometimes cached for later use. Prey taken to the nest by the male is often decapitated first. During the day, a Spotted Owl may take the odd prey that passes by its day roost, fly to a food cache, or fly to a nearby stream to drink. Spotted Owls feed mainly on flying squirrels and wood rats. These prey are necessary for successful breeding. Other major prey include gophers, rabbits and hares. Summer diets are more varied with deer mice and voles being important foods. Spotted Owls are known to capture 30 mammal species including bats, and 23 bird species as prey. They also eat snakes, crickets, beetles, and moths. They have been known to walk around campgrounds at night to pick up scraps of food.
Pellets are large and compact measuring about 5.1 to 7.6 centimetres (2 to 3 inches) in length. Pellets contain numerous bones, skulls, and teeth, and are held together by fur and mucus.
Breeding
The breeding season is from March to September. Timing and success in producing offspring are strongly linked to the availability of prey, and not all pairs breed every year. Spotted owl pairs mate for life, but a new mate is readily taken if the other disappears. They probably begin breeding at two to three years of age.
Spotted Owls nest primarily in stick nests of Northern Goshawks, on clumps of mistletoe, in large tree cavities, on broken tops of large trees, on large branches, or cavities in banks and rock faces. Old nests are not repaired before eggs are laid, and tend to be reused year after year. Clutch size ranges from 2 to 4 eggs, but averages 2 to 3 eggs. Eggs are laid every 3 to 4 days, usually in April. The female does all incubation and the male delivers food to the nest. The incubation period is about 28 to 32 days. Unlike most other owls, Spotted Owls may not defend their eggs and young from predators, watching nearby as the nest is destroyed. Young are brooded constantly by the female for 2 weeks, then she begins to hunt as well. The male brings food to the nest and passes it to the female to feed to the young. Young start roaming from the nest onto nearby branches at about 5 weeks, but some flutter to the ground before climbing up into trees. They can fly weakly at about 6 weeks. At 9 to 10 weeks young can capture insect prey by themselves. Families remain loosely associated during summer before young disperse in the autumn. Adults tend to remain near their traditional nesting territories, while juveniles disperse widely, as much as 100 to 200 kilometres (60 to 125 miles).
Mortality
Spotted Owls are long-lived, with captive Owls of 21 years being known.
Mortality in the wild is thought to be very high (60 to 95%) for juveniles, especially during the dispersal stage. Adult mortality is estimated at 5 to 20% annually. Natural predators of the Spotted Owl include the Great Horned Owl, which preys on both adults and young; the red-tailed hawk, which preys on young; and the common raven, which may destroy eggs. Many juveniles starve to death.
It is thought that Barred Owls will out-compete Spotted Owls for habitat, by being more aggressive, when the two species come into contact.
The Spotted Owl may be the most publicised of all endangered species in North America. Because of its dependence on large tracts of old-growth coniferous forests, management for this owl has caused tremendous turmoil in the forest harvesting industry, and has spawned an incredible amount of research - too much to go into here.
Status
Uncertain. Locally threatened by forest destruction, and by hybridisation with the Barred Owl Strix varia.
